White blood cells are mainly determined as leukocytes and they are considered to be the essential part of one’s immune system. They mainly help to protect the body against infections, bacteria, viruses, and abnormal cells.
WBC produced in the bone marrow, and this in turn circulates in the bloodstream and even tissues by identifying and attacking foreign invaders. There are several types of WBCs majorly include
- Lymphocytes which majorly include T-cells, B-cells, NK cells and are the key players in adaptive immunity.
- The first cells to react to a bacterial infection are neutrophils.
- Monocytes they are known as the clean dead cells and help trigger other immune cells.
- Moreover, Eosinophils and Basophils are also involved in allergic reactions and parasitic defence.
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Different types of White Blood Cells
There are different types of WBC which are available and can be either by attacking tumour cells or, in some cases and also contributing to the cancer progression.
T Lymphocytes
- They are responsible to detect and destroy the cancer cells.
- Different types known as Cytotoxic T cells, and Helper T cells.
- Talking about its role in cancer is towards immunotherapy and this is mainly done by targeting the by different treatments like checkpoint inhibitors.
B Lymphocytes
B-cells’ main function is to produce antibodies that may recognize the cancer specific antigens. The role is to help fight tumours but may also produce cancer in some contexts.
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Natural Killer cells
Their main function is to kill cancer cells without prior activation. These are mainly critical for early defence against tumors and also in immune observation.
Macrophages
These types of WBC help to engulf and even digest cancer cells and even debris. The role of M1 Macrophages is to fight tumours and M2 can support the growth of tumours and even suppress the immune response.
Dendritic Cells
Tends to present antigens to T-cells and triggers an immune response. It also helps to activate cancer-fighting T cells; used in cancer vaccines.
Neutrophils
The role of Neutrophils is to kill infected and abnormal cells. Talking about its role in cancer then it can sustain and overpower tumour growth depending on the tumour environment.
How Cancer Affects White Blood Cells
There is no doubt that cancer cells can significantly impact white blood cells and this can be either by directly involving them or also by disrupting their production or also function.
Cancer that originates in WBC like Leukemia which is a cancer of bone marrow is produced in large numbers. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma originate in WBCs and cause the production of abnormal or immature cells that can surround the healthy ones.
- Talking about solid tumours, can suppress bone marrow activity, reducing the body’s ability to produce sufficient WBCs and weakening the immune system.
- Moreover, the cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation often damage the healthy WBCs, increasing the risk of infections.
- Some of the tumours also release signals that can disable immune cells like T cells and natural killer and help cancer evade immune detection.
Cancer Types Directly Involving White Blood Cells
Certain cancers originate in white blood cells and even in tissues that produce them affecting the immune system directly.
Leukemia
They are known as the group of cancers and these begins in the bone marrow where WBCs are originally developed. Lymphoma is determined as a cancer that tends to start in Lymphocytes and often in the lymph nodes.
Multiple Myeloma
a cancer of plasma cells which is a type of B-cell that produces antibodies. Abnormal plasma cells mainly collect in the bone marrow and inhibits normal blood cell production.
Diagnostic procedure
Diagnosing blood cancers like Leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma involves a combination of clinical evaluation, lab tests and also imaging studies. These are mainly done to confirm the presence and type of cancer. Here are the key diagnostic procedures.
Complete Blood Count
There is an involvement of measuring the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
Peripheral Blood Smear
Blood here is examined under a microscope to detect the abnormal shapes, sizes, and types of blood cells.
Biopsy
In this case, a sample is taken from the hip bone to analyse the marrow where blood cells are produced. This is mainly found to be essential for diagnosing leukaemia and multiple myeloma.
Imaging Tests
This particular diagnosis procedure involves- (CT, PET, MRI), and detecting the enlarged lymph node, spleen, or bone lesions in lymphomas and multiple myeloma.
Urine and blood protein tests
This is important in multiple myeloma to detect abnormal proteins.
What modern cancer treatments harness WBCs?
Modern cancer treatment focuses on utilizing the body’s immune system and this is majorly WBC. This is mainly done to recognize, target, and destroy cancer cells.
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Conclusion
White blood cells play a dual role when it comes to cancer as they both overpower and support tumour growth, depending on the conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to understand this complex relationship and it has allowed research to determine the possible treatment.
Hence, as research is being conducted on white blood cells are providing not just passive indicators of disease but acts as active warriors.
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